The unique identification of physical objects is a key component of transparent, traceable and reproducible research. This includes biological, chemical or geological samples, for example. This does not include man-made objects such as sculptures, paintings or other cultural assets - information on referencing such objects can be found under Cultural Objects.

A persistent identifier (PID) is available for scientific samples in the form of the International Generic Sample Number (IGSN). The IGSN is based on the DOI infrastructure of DataCite and can be used across disciplines. Registration takes place via internationally distributed, accredited services.

A Research Resource Identifier (RRID) can be assigned specifically for biological samples such as antibodies, cell lines or model organisms. The RRID portal serves as a central database where existing RRIDs can be searched or new identifiers can be registered.

As part of our workshop series, we organized an interesting and varied event on PIDs for physical objects in February 2025.